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Naraka (Sanskrit: नरक) is the name given to the realm of existence in Jain cosmology characterized by great suffering. Naraka is usually translated into English as "hell" or "purgatory". However, Naraka differs from the hells of Abrahamic religions as souls are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment. Furthermore, the length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long—measured in billions of years. A soul is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her previous karma (actions of body, speech and mind), and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result. After his karma is used up, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened. ==Types of hells== The hells are situated in the seven grounds at the lower part of the universe. The seven grounds are: # Ratna prabha. # Sharkara prabha. # Valuka prabha. # Panka prabha. # Dhuma prabha. # Tamaha prabha. # Mahatamaha prabha. The first ground, owing to a predominance of ''ratnas'' or jewels, is called ''Ratnaprabha''. Similarly, the second, owing to a predominance of ''sarkara'' or gravel, is called ''Sarkraprabha''. The third owing to a predominance of ''valuka'' or sands, is called ''Valukaprabha''. The fourth, owing to an excess of ''panka'' or mud, is called ''Pankaprabha''. The fifth, owing to an excess of ''dhuma'' or smoke, is called ''Dhumaprabha''. The sixth, owing to a marked possession of ''tamas'' or darkness, is called ''Tamahprabha'', while the seventh, owing to a high concentration of ''mahatamas'' or dense darkness, is called ''Mahatamahprabha''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Naraka (Jainism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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